English Local Government Example

English Local Government Example English Local Government â€" Essay Example > The spread of democratic ideas and subsequently ideals, and the emergence of a global system of economy and politics because of complex interdependence have contributed to the resurgence of the local government. One of the major forms of decentralization in the twentieth century has been the break up of empires and colonies into nation- states, the most recent example being the break up of the Soviet Union and the separation of Kosovo from Serbia. The pressure for pursuing and adopting democracy as a political ideology and system has led to a new emphasis on local governance below the level of the nation- state. The rise of the global political economy has provided localities with another alternative to the traditional national capitals that have existed for quite some time now. According to Teune, although the patterns of local governance have similar features of provincial and local governments, the push for democracy will give local politics a greater role in the issues of peac e and prosperity than has been true during the long recent period of the rise in authority of nation- states. Local governments and domestic politics have become focal points of current day democratic political development. The two primary reasons for this are: firstly, the beginnings of a second democratic revolution that is solely based on participation, and secondly, the emergence of a global political economy that defines local conditions for peace and prosperity. The former requires local self determination rather than top- bottom direction whereas the latter frees localities from national governments by providing alternatives for resources and support; the new sources being other countries or international agencies. The question and perhaps the existence of local democracies have become crucial in the newly established democracies, whose shaky and rather weak national democratic institutions are based on weak traditions of local autonomy. Many former Communist countries of c entral and Eastern Europe and Central Asia are in the complex processes of just establishing democratic institutions. However, what are lacking in these countries are structures of civic societies- private associations, political parties, and interest groups which, in most of the cases were destroyed by totalitarian political regimes. Other parts of the world are also under global pressures to become more democratic by altering the course of their efforts of the past decades to develop politically by building stronger states and effective, rational national policies for economic growth and welfare for the poor. Moreover, there is a new democratically established Latin America, democratically elected governments are being established in southern Africa, and several former authoritarian countries in Asia are taking effective steps from the top down to become more democratic. In addition, heavy welfare states in Northern Europe have been forced to reduce the economic role of central g overnments in order to participate in newer European political institutions. In the United States, the debate over federalism and the role of the government has again gained substantial momentum in the political agenda. However, throughout the last two decades, Britain or the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland had gained notoriety as one of the most centralized nation- state societies in Europe. Shortly after New Labor’s landslide leap to power in 1997, this unitary but multinational state was granted with a comprehensive program of constitutional ‘modernization’ consisting of an elected Parliament for Scotland, a National Assembly for Wales, an Assembly for Northern Ireland, an elected Assembly and Mayor for London, along with Regional Development Agencies for the eight English regions (MacLeod). In becoming more decentralized and when it comes to local and regional politics, the big question arises whether or not the local and regional media exercise powe r without any responsibility.

Negative Attitudes Towards Hiv / Aids - 1778 Words

I have observed many negative attitudes towards HIV/ AIDS that my research has only proven further. The first observation is that a lot of people tend to feel invincible or immune to the disease and forget that anyone can acquire it, especially those with numerous sexual partners. As humans we can all be a little nasty at times, but when people are informed that someone around them have HIV-AIDS they perceive them in a whole new light and even see the disease and no longer see person. In our day-to-day lives we don t think of how people with these diseases are affected mentally and socially but my research has a really opened my eyes. I can recall a time when I was ignorant to the causes of AIDS, and was amidst a conversation with my†¦show more content†¦I ve become more reserved with people and I walk about convinced that I have a stamp on my head: HIV .† â€Å"I felt dirty and unclean and I thought I would never be able to kiss my wean.† â€Å"I know a lot of moral society would be against me sleeping with anybody so I have guilt from that feeling.† â€Å"Nobody at work knows. Our company is a kind of hire and fire company and would sack us on the spot.† â€Å"The average person is ignorant about HIV like going back to l eprosy and people being unclean and people seeing it with panic. (Green, 1995)† The statements above are all from people living with HIV and their perspective of attitudes toward them. These people live in fear, and are often scared to tell people around them, which makes them feel lonely depressed, in addition to the physical suffering they endure. One does not usually consider the social or emotional effects of being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS but several people suffer from not only the disease but depression guilt, loneliness, etc. People living with HIV/AIDS There are so many courageous people living with HIV that are determined to continue life as normal as possible. They believe life does go on, and they intend to make the best of it. Healthline Network is a company that strives to inform individuals and help them make educated decisions, which shares enlightening articles about other’s personal accounts. These are their stories: A woman named Chelsea White, shares her recollection of her first HIV

Battle of Britain Essay - 4211 Words

Battle of Britain This film is about the Battle of Britain during World War II. It happened in 1940. This movie was made 29 years later in 1969. The Nazis tried to invade Britain. The Royal Air Force of Britain fought a grave battle against the Nazis to prevent the invasion. Most of the fighting was in the air. There were lots of fighting scenes between the German planes and the RAF and their allies. This film is pretty realistic. I thought that the air battles were pretty realistic. For a film that was made in 1969, the special effects of the planes and the fight scenes were pretty fast-paced and accurate. The fight scenes seem more modern as far as special effects than what I would expect from a movie made in 1969.†¦show more content†¦I am not sure whether that is a true reason or not. The viewers opinions that were included in a handout from a web page were all pretty similar. Most of them liked the fighting scenes with the planes. They liked the authenticity of the planes. But most of them also found the non-battle scenes to be dull and uninteresting. I agree with this view. I thought that the movie was hard to follow. I could not tell the difference between the planes and I did not know who was getting killed. I did not know any of the characters. I liked the fight scenes, but otherwise I did not enjoy this movie. Mrs. Miniver Director: William Wyler Screenwriter: George Froeschel and James Hilton Film Genre: Drama/War Cast: Greer Carson, Richard Ney, Teresa Wright, Walter Pidgeon This was another movie that dealt with the Battle of Britain. It followed the life of the Miniver family during the days leading up to and after the Battle of Britain during World War II. This family was a pretty well off English family. They had a son that had just graduated from Oxford and two other kids. The son joins the RAF. He then gets married to Carol Beldon. Carol was worried about how long she would get to spend with her new husband. She braced herself for his death. In the end, though, she was the one who was shot. I thought that some parts of the film wereShow MoreRelatedEssay on Why Britain Won the Battle of Britain4008 Words   |  17 PagesWhy Britain Won the Battle of Britain After taking France in addition to his list of captured countries on mainland Europe, Adolf Hitler set his sights on Britain. After the success of Blitzkrieg, the evacuation of Dunkirk and the surrender of France, Britain was by herself. However, before Hitler could contemplate undertaking an invasion he was advised by his generals that Germany had to destroy the Fighter Command of the Royal Air Force in order to gain superiorityRead MoreThe Battle of Britain Essay5809 Words   |  24 PagesThe Battle of Britain As the cold hand of death swept over the remnants of France, British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, orated on the imminent battle that would rage over his homeland and the foreboding struggle for survival that was now facing Britain: The Battle of France is over. I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin†¦ The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we canRead MoreEssay on The Battle of Britain in 19401245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Britain in 1940 In the summer of 1940, the German Luftwaffe attempted to win air superiority over southern Britain and the English Channel by destroying the Royal Air Force and the British aircraft industry. This attempt came to be known as the Battle of Britain, and victory over the RAF was seen by the Germans as absolutely essential if they were eventually to mount an invasion of the British Isles. The Germans had overrun Belgium, the Netherlands andRead MoreThe Battle of Britain: The Nazi ´s Failure1201 Words   |  5 PagesBattle of Britain is the name given to the effort by the German air force, run by Luftwaffe to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF). The Battle of Britain was the first major battle to be fought entirely by air forces. It was the largest and most sustained bombing campaign to be attempted, as well as the first real test of vital bombing theories developed since World War I. The failure of Nazi Germany to destroy Britains air force or to break the spirit of the British governmentRead MoreFailure of the Battle of Britain Campaign Essays1747 Words   |  7 PagesIn the summer of 1940, Adolf Hitler began operation â€Å"Sea-Lion,† or better known as the Battle of Britain. This was the plot to destroy the British RAF so that a German landing on the beaches of England and air assault could be possible. Because of the failure of the battle of Britain campaign, the course of the war was changed in the allies favor, and, Hitler’s plan for European domination was halted. The early stages of the war were dominated by Germany, attacking Europe in quick succession. TheRead MoreAir Campaign Waged by Germany in The Battle of Britain Essay2588 Words   |  11 PagesThe Battle of Britain is the name given to the World War II air campaign waged by the German Air Force against the United Kingdom during the summer and autumn of 1940. The Luftwaffe or German Air Force was trying to pave the way for a sea and airborne invasion of Britain as an extension of Hitler’s Blitzkrieg campaign in Western Europe. The Battle of Britain is significant because it was the only battle throughout World War II which was fought only in the air. The Battle of Britain also marked theRead MoreThe Battle Of Britain Is Regarded As The Most Famous Military Engagement Of World War II2007 Words   |  9 Pages The Battle of Britain is regarded as the most famous military engagement of World War II. The fall of France in June 1940 to Nazi Germany not only left Britain as the only European power working actively against the Germans but also left them vulnerable to bombing campaigns launched from Northern France, having only to travel twenty-five miles across the English Channel to reach targets in south-east England1. The quick surrender of France allowed German forces to direct their attention towardsRead MoreBattle of Britain1604 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the Brits: An Investigation of Hitler’s Defeat at the Battle of Britain By: Jake Pilla Global History II 11-28-07 In 1940, German planes flew over Britain in an attempt to take over the country and tear apart the enemy’s alliance. Britain was surprised by this attack, but countered by shooting down at least twenty planes of the Luftwaffe, the Nazi air force, during the initial attack. Hitler sent waves of planes into Britain every day, trying to lower British morale; however, he didRead MoreSir Churchill On Britain s Past And Used Events That Defined Them897 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves and compare themselves to the people who went through these situations. He allowed them to reflect on how these individuals were brave and resilient, and how they won despite the odds against them. That in such remarkable situations, little Britain won . In addition, Churchill through this passage compared the German army and air force to the Spanish Armada and Napoleon’s army. He implies that even at their grandiose scale the British people of the past defeated them easily . Therefore, whenR ead MoreWorld War Two And Its Effect On The World1485 Words   |  6 Pageshad surrendered in 1945, which was six years after it began. It began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany after Germany had invaded Poland. January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany and he immediately he secretly built up Germany s army and weapons. In 1934 he made the size of the army bigger and he began to build warships and he created a German air force. Britain and France were aware of Germany preparing for war but they were concerned about the rise of

The Sexual Objectification of Women Free Essays

The sexual objectification of women on the mass media is becoming an alarming affair. According to Faridah, et al.’s study, the uses of sex images of women in advertising by different companies who seek to promote their products are doing an injustice to women (Faridah, et al. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sexual Objectification of Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4). It is a challenge the in the modern democracies with regards to the objective of building an egalitarian society. It is worrying that the modern democracies would still promote women objectification. It seems that the leaders have remained so dormant and silent in pointing out the levels of discrimination exercised in the mass media in the name of advertisement (Berberick 12). Another thing is that mass media has been used as an instrument to advocate for equal rights among different genders in the society; while on the other hand, it is used to discriminate women sexually. This study is done through different means, which include social, psychological, philosophical and economic rights that examine the way sexual objectification of men infringes on their rights. In this milieu, the media should not be used to exploit women but should be used to promote their rights and the protection different people from the various levels of discrimination. Therefore, this study is important to address the issues of exploitation and discrimination perpetuated by the advertisement companies that promote various products in the market.Literature ReviewThe portrayal of women in the mass media makes them appear vulnerable to manipulation. Scholars such as Turner are worried that women are thinly represented in as actors in the existing news programs, but are instead used negatively in advertising certain products (Turner 2). They appear as young and slim in the advertising programs in the televisions as well as magazines for eye-catching purposes. The women on such advertisement platforms are explicated as instruments to inspire women to like certain products. Their main role is just to make men happy as sexual objects rather than people with value and personality. They are shown to embody every trait of beauty aimed to attract men in like those products. The society is tailored in a way that women are only perceived to look good to impress men, not for their own good. The products are advertised and made to imply that when used, the skin becomes flawless and beautiful that can be admired by men. It is a very unfortunate affair that should be discouraged by all means in the contemporary society for a sustainable greater posterity.Another thing to point out is that the decision to place anything in the media program is influenced by the current state of cultural and social values. In different societies, such values are greatly based on gender. Females in that respect are considered weak and lesser beings to their male counterparts. Through cultural and social norms, women’s rights have been violated, and that is why the same spirit spirals to the media advertisements, which portrays women as objects, not humans with values and images to protect. Punyanunt-Carter did a study on the African-American portrayals on the televisions and confirms that this group of people is more objectified in the American televisions (Punyanunt-Carter 245). Faridah, et al. on the other hand states that the movies produced around the periods of the fifties portrayed women as perfect objects of domesticity, while in the contemporary world, women are portrayed as sexual objects that make men happy and satisfy their sexual desires (Faridah et al. 7). The most important question to answer is why women must just be implicated negatively and vulnerable. Even if at times they are portrayed as professionals at times when out of their offices, they are given a negative image. They are only seen as those that can only be teased, admired, played upon and desired by men. In her study on women images in Polish and Malaysian print media, her findings pointed out that even if done in done in different cultures, the study about women portrayal has some profound similarities and commonalities in the findings.The regrettable thing addressed by the experts involved in the subject of women discrimination in the social media is that despite the efforts to establish a gender sensitive society where people are treated equally, there are still rampant cases of discrimination against women in various fronts. Faridah et al. is worried about the same, more so the words used to describe women when portrayed in the social media (Faridah et al. 5). She says that when the media decided to focus on women in the public space during the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, the terms used were very unpleasant. In fact, she considers the words like ‘burning bras’, ‘hardcore feminists’, and ‘nude women running around the streets of Huarious’ among others to be devilish and uncalled for in the contemporary society. This is a weighty proof that the society still remains negative about women and only considers them objects of sexuality that cannot stand for anything good. Even if they try to do something significant, they are only seen to be irrelevant. Methodology The study relies greatly on the existing pieces of literature to paint the image of women portrayal in the televisions. It is part of the wider study of women and children’s representation in the contemporary media, which include unprinted and printed media. It is generally a qualitative study that relies on the literature about women negative portrayal on the televisions in the United States of America, which is used as a case study to represent some of the discriminations against women that are undertaken silently in the social media. The ideas by Faridah et al. and Punyanunt-Carter are significant since they explore different findings that have common issues worth addressing in women discrimination in the social media. The scholars are credible in their studies as they explore different pieces of information from different scholars to justify their arguments. They use longitudinal approach to expose the various stereotypical ways in which women are disregarded in the society. I chose the sources since they provide a thrust of the investigation, which is thought-provoking to the readers who are carried with their findings to be part of the fight against women discrimination in the social media. Positionality I do this study with an aim of addressing some of the injustices done on women in social media. The negative portrayal of women in different fronts like television, magazines, and internet makes them feel less valued in the society. It appears that the society is only happy when they are used. They are seen to best fit as objects to make men happy and satisfy their sexual needs. Sexual objectification lowers their self-esteem. The awful thing is that women from other cultures are more objectified than others are. Women from African-American communities are more portrayed negatively than those from other cultures. This means that social media are only used by the society to promote the cultural negativity about women, something that seems to be more embedded in people. This implies that there is a serious need for attitudinal change to ensure that that mindset is alleviated. Women deserve recognition and respect just as their male counterparts are. They should not be seen as second-class citizens but should be regarded with an utmost value they deserve.Studies show that the spirit of discrimination against women stems from the tradition that only regarded men to manage media. Women are meagerly represented in the employment positions. Faridah et al. states that only 33.3% of women are in full-time employment among the 59 countries they surveyed (Faridah et al. 3). It implies that women do not equal men when it comes to job competition and other important positions in the society. Another unfortunate thing is that different studies have been done on the subject of women discrimination in the social media, but nothing much has changed. It means that various experts need to be more vigorous in addressing the problem of women discrimination in the social media. The revolutionary change in technology has made it easy to sexually objectify women, something that needs to be addressed with sufficient attention to change negative attitude that makes it easy to discriminate women in the social media and other areas. The numbers of women that appear in the social media as main actors are few, but those that are shown on the negative side of the shows are many. Even though men are also objectified, their number is smaller. It means that there is much to be done to deal with the issue of women discrimination. It is also apparent from the study that women are highly discriminated in the social media. The negative portrayal of women on television is fueled by the social and cultural norms that consider men to be superior beings to their female counterparts. They are seen to best fit to make men happy by serving their sexual desire. This mindset does not believe that women can look good for their own sake, but that they do so to attract men. As a result, it is ostensible that it is a negative mindset, which kills women’s self-esteem, significance and values, as opposed to men who are seen to be important and worth the best in the society. It remains a serious matter that should not be allowed to thrive in the contemporary society. Conclusion This study confirms that it is utterly bad to continue the negative portrayal of women in the social media, more so in the contemporary world. As pointed out herein, the portrayal of women in the social media has been marred by a lot of discrimination. For instance, during the fifties, women were pictured as perfect objects of domesticity. Today, they are portrayed as sexual objects that can only be used to make men happy and satisfy their sexual desires. As a result, they are seen to be significant and less valued in the society apart from being there to make men happy. The most regrettable thing is that besides the numerous studies than on the same area, the discrimination against women still thrives. This means that social and cultural norms that disregard women should be attacked and changed. The best way to attack such norms is attitudinal change communication, which would make the society to see life more differently. Instead of being viewed as objects to make men happy, they should be seen as entities that should be incorporated in different avenues to help the society to grow. How to cite The Sexual Objectification of Women, Papers

Michael Lamb Defence Speech Essay Example

Michael Lamb Defence Speech Essay Your Honour, ladies and gentlemen of the jury, as the Barrister representing Michael Lamb otherwise known to many here as Brother Sebastian, I am here today not to try and justify the crime in any way but to get Michael Lambs sentence reduced from life imprisonment to man-slaughter and to inform you of the circumstances in which Michael committed the crime. Michael came from a loving stable home with very religious parents. Michaels mother died when he was at five, leaving him to look after his father. Michael had a great love for and fear of God but his faith was challenged with the recent death of his father and he didnt know either to stay or to leave the Brothers. Michael had just wanted to be like a father towards Owen. Michael was against Benedicts bullyboy tactics who often beat the boys. On one occasion someone had write Benny Dies O.K. on one of the walls on the outside of the home. Benedict had beaten Owen for this because he said they were his initials O.K. Owen Kane. When Michael heard of this he ran straight to Benedicts office. When Michael questioned Benedict about the incident Benedict replied with, You know and I know that we could never find the real culprit. By now the boys know that the punishment has been meted out. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Lamb Defence Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Lamb Defence Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Lamb Defence Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Someone has got it in the neck. It may deter others from doing the like again for fear their mates get it. Benedict probably knew Owen didnt have any friends since he was the youngest. Now I ask you ladies and gentlemen of the jury does this sound like the kind of place you would like to have been living. You can see already that Owens life in the home wasnt a very happy one and this is why Michael had gone away with Owen. With Michael, Owen wouldnt have been beaten or called names. With Michael Owen was treated like his son, he would take Owen places, on boats and planes, buy him new clothes. Michael had a genuine desire to improve Owens life. I ask you ladies and gentlemen of the jury would you like to have stayed and been beaten and bullied and never be loved or to have gone away with someone who really loved you? Owens life before coming to the home had been terrible. His father would have come home from work and beat him with anything he could lay his hands on. Things he used were electrical cord and a bit of old leather he used to use to sharpen his razor on. His mother who sits here today probably isnt saddened by her sons death as she dumped him here in order that she might pursue her passion for other men. Owen at this early age was already a chain smoker and showed no prospects of coming out of this life style. If Owen had gone back to the slums of Dublin to live with his Mother he would probably have ended up having a life of crime living on the streets, drinking, stealing, taking drugs and dying young due to his epilepsy. His family certainly werent a good influence with two of his brothers in jail and one in the army and one in the navy, and his father having abandoned them. Even in the home Owen had no friends because he was the youngest. He was bullied and called KANE THE STAIN bec ause he wet the bed. He was picked on by Benedict, who often abused the children for no reason, but Benedict isnt on trial today, well save that story for another day. I ask you ladies and gentlemen of the jury, what would you choose? To die young but to have been loved and been treated well or to live a life of crime and probably end up dying due to epilepsy. Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury let me stress that I am not here today to try and excuse Michael of these crimes. Michael was wrong to take Owen away and was wrong to deprive Owen of life him but at the time Michael may not have been emotionally stable with the recent death of his father. He didnt know what to do. To stay or to leave the Brothers. He didnt have any adults with whom to discuss his problems and his fears. Witnesses have testified to have seen the two together and have said they looked happy together, like father and son. This was probably the happiest time of Owens life. Michaels motives were good. He was giving life where there was no life, hope were there was no hope and a future were there had been no prospect of a future. I ask you ladies and gentlemen of the jury who do you think was going to suffer the most with Owens death? Certainly not his mother who had dumped him in the home and had tried to kill him herself in a search for a man. Not his father who beat hi m. Benedict, no, he despised children and he picked on Owen. He had said, Those who say they love children dont understand them. The only person who ever cared who ever loved Owen, Michael Lamb, he is the only person who ever cared. He is the only person who is suffering now as he sits here in this courtroom. So ladies and gentlemen of the jury as you make you decision about Michael Lamb I want you to remember everything Ive told you today and what would have happened if Owen had lived. It is all too easy to make decisions as you sit in this cosy courtroom but remember this is someones life you are going to change. Have compassion and change the sentence from first-degree murder to man-slaughter.

buy custom Winning the Right War essay

buy custom Winning the Right War essay Abraham Lincoln was a presidential hopeful of the Republican Party during the pro-1860 presidential campaigns. The North and the South differed on very many issues, and on most occasions, the North won. This essay highlights the key causes of the Civil War. Lincoln was elected as the President of the Union on November 6, 1860. Southern states like Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Texas, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Florida seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate (Wattenberg, Martin, and Lineberry 77). However, in his inaugural speech, Lincoln stated that he had not intentions of abolishing slavery or the Fugitive Slave Law. This statement angered the Northerners and by mid-April 1861, the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter, and the federal forces retaliated, marking the launch of the Civil War. The primary factor that led to the war was economic disparities between the North and the South. During his presidential campaign, Lincoln used anti-slavery as his platform, an ideology that did not appeal to the Southerners. The Souths economy was based on plantation agriculture, and their main produce was cotton, a crop that was valued like gold both in the domestic and international market. Owners of huge plantations were very keen to sustain their rich lifestyle, thus; their heavy reliance on slavery. On the contrary, the North relied on industries and commerce and declined to use slavery as a source of labor. Most of the northerners controlled and owned ships, and trade routes, a very lucrative business at the time. They paid for labor and all the expenses in their commercial activities and industries. They felt that the southerners had an unfair edge, over them because they did not pay for labor. This difference in opinion could have been one of the causes that led to the Civil War. Although the South used free slavery, the North was in a better position financialy. The North had nothing to lose because they did not rely on slavery. In the Constitution and Declaration of Independence, all human beings were supposed to be free. Slavery was a very controversial issue because many people especially Northerners did not understand how a nation based on human freedom could allow slavery. Slavery was a key issue in the economic welfare of the South and abolition of the institution was out of order. The second issue involved taxation. The Rights of the Individual States was at risk over the issue of taxation. The Union demanded that, every state should collect taxes and deliver the revenue to the national government. Every state demanded that they should have representatives both in the Congress and in the House of Representatives. Although this happened, there was some element of dissatisfaction among people. Most of the Southerners felt that their voice was not heard in the national government. The South wanted lower taxes and subsidies because they grew crops like cotton that could not thrive in the North. They also felt that, the North priced their agricultural produce lowly, in a bid to control their financial well-being. The third issue was the differences sparked by the federalism versus the anti-federalism debate. In 1787, the novel Constitution was presented for ratification (Kennedy 82). Issues on interpretation of the Bill of Rights, a republic government, and the independence of the states had taken centre stage. This led to the formation of federalists (those who supported the ratification of the new constitution) and the anti-federalist (those against the constitution). Federalists included John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison while anti-federalists included Thomas Jefferson, George Clinton, Patrick Henry, and Elbridge Gerry. Federalists wrote articles in support of the Constitution (federalist papers) while anti-federalists wrote articles against the constitution (anti-federalist papers). In 17888, Federalists won, and George Washington was elected President with John Adams as his deputy. They took office in 1789 and went on to establish the first Congress and military machinery. Washington appointed Alex Hamilton as the Treasury Secretary while Thomas Jefferson was appointed as the State Secretary. Federalists like Hamilton wanted a powerful federal government while Jefferson wanted states to have more power than the federal government and a strong Bill of Rights. Hamilton proposed that the national government should clear debts owed by the states while Jefferson opposed because most Southern states had paid while the Northern states were slow in repaying the debt. The debts were paid and the government gave in to the demands of the south by moving the Capital of the Union from New York to the South of River Potomac, the current location of Washington D.C. (Gordon 17). Another main issue that caused extreme political differences between the federalists and anti-federalists was the creation of a national bank. Hamilton and his supporters used a loose clause in Article I to create a national bank. The anti-federalists argued that such a bank would put the elite close to a reserve meant for many people. In case of lack of control, the outcome would be very detrimental to the economy. The anti-federalists also opposed the imposition of tariffs on states. These tariffs were meant to act as a source of revenue for the federal government but the bill did not pass (Wood 536-537). In conclusion, economic issues like the use of slaves in the south led to growing tensions over an unfair labor advantage. The North relied on commerce and controlled the prices of commodities produced by the South. The South felt that they were targeted since they did not have economic subsidies and had to pay taxes. The strength that the Federalists had in the national government was not well accepted by the South and all these factors sparked Civil War. Buy custom Winning the Right War essay

Field Technician - A First Job in Archaeology

Field Technician - A First Job in Archaeology A Field Technician, or Archaeological Field Technician, is an entry-level paying position in archaeology. A Field Technician performs archaeological survey and excavation, under the supervision of a Principal Investigator, Field Supervisor, or Crew Chief. These jobs are known by a wide variety of names, including Field Hand, Field Archaeologist, Natural Resource Technician I, Archaeologist/Technician, Field Technician, US Government 29023 Archeological Technician I, and Assistant Archaeologist. Duties An archaeological field technician performs duties associated with pedestrian surveys as well as hand excavation (shovel testing, bucket auger testing, 1x1 meter units, test trenches) of archaeological sites. Field technicians may be asked to take detailed field notes, draw sketch maps, excavate archaeological features, bag artifacts, record provenience of the finds, use a Munsell soil chart, take photographs, use computer software programs (Microsoft ® Word, Excel and Access are typical), and at all times maintain client confidentiality. Some amount of physical labor is generally required, such as manually removing brush or vegetation, and carrying and maintaining tools and equipment. Field technicians may need to navigate with a compass and topographic map, help run a total station to create topographic maps, or learn digital mapping with using GPS/GIS. Job Type and Availability Kansas Archeology Training Program Field School. Mark Reinstein / Corbis via Getty Image Entry level jobs are usually short-term temporary positions; they dont usually come with insurance or benefits, although there are exceptions. Typically, a field technician is hired by a  firm that conducts archaeological work related to cultural resource management (or heritage management) in many different states or countries. Those firms maintain a list of field technicians and send out notices when projects are coming up: projects which can last for a few days or years. The long-term positions are rare; field techs rarely work full time and most are seasonal employees. Archaeological projects are conducted over the world, mostly led by cultural resource firms (or cultural resource arms of engineering companies), universities, museums, or governmental agencies. The jobs are fairly numerous, but require the technician to travel far from home and stay in the field for extended periods of time. Education / Experience Level Required This pile of excavation equipment is waiting for the next field trip. Kris Hirst (c) 2006 At a minimum, field technicians need a Bachelors degree in Anthropology, Archaeology or a closely related field, plus six months or a years experience. Most firms expect employees to have taken at least one professional field school or have had some prior field survey experience. Occasionally firms will take people who are still working on their bachelors degrees. Experience with ArcMap, ArcPad or other GIS hardware such as a Trimble unit is helpful; a valid drivers license and good driving record is a fairly standard requirement. Another highly valued asset is familiarity with cultural resource laws, such as Section 106, NEPA, NHPA, FERC as well as relevant state regulations in the United States. There are also specialist positions, such as coastal or marine/maritime projects that may require SCUBA diving experience. Field schools can be taken at a local university for tuition and living costs; archaeological and historical societies occasionally run projects to train prospective field technicians. Advantageous Assets Field technicians need a good work ethic and a cheerful disposition: archaeology is physically demanding and often tedious, and a successful technician should be willing to learn, work hard, and act independently. Verbal and written communication skills are among the most sought-after characteristics for beginning field technicians, particularly the ability to write technical reports. Membership in professional societies, such as the Institute for Archaeologists in the UK or the Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) in the US, may be a requirement for employment, and background or knowledge in the cultures being studied (especially for long projects) is a valuable asset. Having many of these characteristics may lead to promotions or full-time positions. Although the Americans with Disabilities Act is in force for archaeological jobs in the US and there are similar laws in other countries, field technician jobs require employees to be in good physical condition, to be able to work outdoors in variable weather conditions and on varied terrain. Some jobs will require longer work weeks when circumstances arise; and survey projects, in particular, require walking long distances (8–16 kilometers or 5–10 miles a day) under adverse conditions, including inclement weather and wildlife encounters, carrying up to 23 kilograms (50 pounds). Drug screening, background checks, and even physical fitness exams conducted by the firm are becoming common. Common Pay Rates Based on job listings viewed in January 2019, rates for a Field Technician vary between $US 14–22 per hour and, in the United Kingdom,  £10–15 per hour- however, few job listings in 2019 provided explicit wage data. Per diem covering hotels and meals is often provided, depending on the project. In a statistical survey conducted in 2012, Doug Rocks-Macqueen (2014) reported that rates for US-based field technicians ranged between US$10–25, with an average of $14.09. Rocks-Macqueen, Doug 2014. Jobs in American Archaeology: Pay for CRM Archaeologists. Archaeologies 10(3):281–296 download the article for free from Dougs Archaeology blog. Pluses and Minuses of the Traveling Life The life of a field technician is not without rewards, but there are some difficulties involved. If specific projects last six months or more, it may not be practical for many field technicians to maintain a permanent address (apart from a family member or friend as a mail drop). Stowing furniture and other possessions in an empty apartment for six months or a year is expensive and risky. Field technicians travel quite a bit, which may be the single best reason to spend a couple years as an archaeological assistant. Wages and availability of jobs and housing will vary from company to company, from dig to dig, whether nationally or internationally. In many countries, field technician positions are filled by local experts, and getting hired on those excavations requires enough experience to play a supervisory role. Where to Find Field Tech Jobs US R. Joe Brandons Shovel BumsJennifer Palmers Archaeology Fieldwork.comINDEED: Archaeological Field TechniciansGlassdoor.com: Archaeological Field Technician Jobs Canada Jennifer Palmers Archaeological Fieldwork: Canada UK British Archaeological Jobs Resources (BAJR): EmploymentINDEED UK: Archaeological Field Jobs Australia INDEED AU: Archaeology Jobs