The Hart V Devlin Debate - 1626 Words

This essay will seek to examine the contention that should the Government introduce a minimum price for alcohol and other measures, such as restricting multi-buy offers in shops and off-licences and promotions in bars, in an effort to reduce the nation’s consumption of alcohol, in particular binge drinking? Of particular interest in this area is the fascinating debate between H.L.A. Hart and Sir Patrick Devlin sparked by the publication of the Wolfenden Report on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution. Their analysis of the desirability of regulating morality is a vital addition to any consideration of this question and will form a large part of my enquiry. The renowned and much analysed Hart v Devlin debate on the legal enforcement of†¦show more content†¦This is a misunderstanding of democracy which still menaces individual liberty.† Hart argues that the theories put forward by Devlin are unsustainable. Devlin is mistaken because he gave no evidence that enforcing morality is required to preserve a society. Hart does not argue that members of civil society should not follow moral standards but he believes this can be best achieved by discussion, advice and debates rather than law. Using the law as weapon to secure moral standards through fear of punishment symbolises the condemnation and social insult of departing from moral values. â€Å"Hart’s theory of law does not give a central role to sanctions.†The price of seeking to impose moral value by legal sanction in terms of punishment in turn results to loss of freedom. Furthermore, in his (classically liberal) view there is a distinction to be drawn, the offence caused by immoral acts taking place in public and being witnessed by others, and that caused by the knowledge that immoral conduct takes place in private. This is identifiable as a direct descendant of Mills harm principle; that harm to others can and should be regulated, but that the law should not intervene to regulate the private acts of individuals which harm only themselves. However, the keyShow MoreRelatedLaws Influence on Morals1738 Words   |  7 Pagesthe two sometimes overlap. Sometimes both the law and morality reflect the social norms and guide people on how they should behave. For example Lord Devlin said that the law should intervene when society will tolerate certain behaviors. We can see this happening in real life, when something, which was immoral, also became illegal. In the case of R v R (1991) the defendant was charged with the attempted rape of his wife. At the time of the offence the couple had separated but they did not completeRead MoreShould Laws Protect Individual Liberty or Benefit Civil Society1716 Words   |  7 Pages‘common-good’ values, as embraced by Devlin . This might flow from criticism against the liberalizing values of the Wolfenden report. Cases like Shaw v DPP and Knuller v DPP made use of the offence of conspiracy to corrupt public morals (previously not been applied since the 19th century) and becko ned that the law would conceive to uphold society’s ‘moral values’ consistent with Devlin’s school of thought. This approach has continious, as the recent case of R v Brown (1994) illustrates. The defendantsRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory And Legal Positivism1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthat morality and law A significant debate on this topic was stimulated by Wolfenden Report 1957 in England which led to the famous debate between H.L.A Hart and Lord Devlin . The report is about the recommendation of legalising homosexuality and prostitution as law should not intervene within everyone’s private lives. This view was supported by Hart as he believed that the law should not enforce moral codes and everyone should have the right to privacy. Hart also believed that what may be requiredRead MoreCase Study : Case Analysis And Report1560 Words   |  7 PagesLAW1114 Assignment: Case Analysis and Report By Shannon Chan Student Number: 27839567 SECTION 1: Case note Citation: R v Abdul-Rasool [2008] VSCA 13 In 2008, the applicant Rajee Abdul-Rasool appealed on a conviction of reckless conduct endangering life. The offence occurred on Monday 05/08/2002, where the applicant engaged in an altercation with the deputy principal regarding her daughter’s whereabouts, the applicant proceeded to pour petrol over herself, with some splashing onto the deputy principalRead MoreLaw Morality Essay2211 Words   |  9 PagesConsider the view that there is a close relationship between law and morality. Examine the debate as to whether the law should reflect moral values, and discuss issues, which show the continuing importance of that debate. (30marks + 5 for AO3) A definition of law adapted from LB Curzon, Dictionary of Law states â€Å" the law is a set of rules which are binding among the people of a community or a state, so that they will be imposed upon and enforced among those persons by appropriate sanctions†.Read MoreEssay on Justice1493 Words   |  6 Pagesperspectives such as Positivism v Natural Law, Utilitarianism, Marx and Rawls. Other objectives associated with the Law and Weber, Durkheim, Llewellyn and Devlin debate justice. These theorists bring greater depth of explaining the significance of the objectives of Law in the English legal system, and also emphasises on how justice is expressed. For example, justice can be inherently linked to moral obligations in which the theorist Devlin lays down this view. We can furtherRead MoreLegal Validity Of The Law Of Recognition Essay2158 Words   |  9 Pages Some legal positivists such as Hart argue that legal validity is dependent upon the sources it derives from, rather than its moral substance or legally valid norms. This viewpoint falls under the sources thesis, which focuses on the rule of recognition, which tells us where a law arises from, rather than the separation thesis, where content is essential to legal validity. Officialdom is crucial to Hart’s understanding of a legal system, as it is the officials’ responsibility to accept and applyRead MorePHL 612: Philosophy of Law5882 Words   |  24 PagesDescription]: What is law? What makes something a legal norm? Should citizens always obey the law? What is the relationship between law and morality? This course will explore competing theories of law, such as natural law and positivism, and touch on crucial debates over civil disobedience, purposes of punishment, and interpretation of legal texts. It will deal with contemporary controversies over the legal regulation of human behaviour, for instance in matters of sexual morality. Grading Scheme: Course Evaluation:Read MoreSymbolic Speech : Freedom Of Speech1320 Words   |  6 Pagesunpopular Viet Nam War and even more recently to show disapproval of a president. (Texas v Johnson, 491 US 397 (1989)). The issues being protested aside, the very right to engage in political protest through symbolic speech be it kneeling or flag-burning is not only the First Amendment in action, but also pluralism in practice. However, within the last decade or so the very use of symbolic speech has become its own debate. The NFL controversy is a near perfect illustration of how the method of free speechRead MoreHOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIP8410 Words   |  34 Pagesmetro cities and revolution in information technology (which includes access to satellite channels and electronic media) the outlook of people, especially that of younger generations and social activists, towards sex is positively changing. The great debate between the  moralists  and  liberalists  can be, perhaps, best shown with the help of  Tihar Jail Sex Imbroglio. In India, homosexuality is not directly targeted by law. However, it is indirectly regulated by section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Free Essays

Induced Plenteous Stem Cells Applied to the Held of Regenerative Medicine Imagine having the opportunity to travel back in time with the power to alter the outcome of the future. As pleasing as this may sound, such occurrences just do not seem realistic or even possible in today’s world. Although, if we take a step back and look into time travel on a smaller scale, at the cellular level, it is indeed possible to revert to an earlier stage of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically focusing on terminally differentiated anatomic cells, scientists are now able to induce plenipotentiary thanks to the findings from Sir John B. Gordon, and Shinny Yamaha. Findings from Cordon’s paper inform us that all cells in an organism contain the same genetic Information. The difference in gene expression leads to one cell type over another. This Implies that somatic cells should have the ability to give rise to a variety of cell types under the appropriate conditions because all of the cells have the same DNA content. Findings from Handyman’s paper tell us that the factors responsible from the maintenance of allurements in early embryos and embryonic stem cells also are responsible for inducing plenipotentiary in somatic cells. The factors from Handyman’s discovery are COT-3/4, KILL, SOX, and c-NYC; these four transcription factors work together to effectively induce plenipotentiary and have greatly advanced the technological applications of genetic reprogramming. The field of regenerative medicine has especially benefited from the genetic reprogramming advances. One of the main goals of regenerative medicine is to restore structures of damaged tissues as well as to restore functions of damaged organs . A major application for regenerative medicine Is In the field of cardiovascular medicine. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovascular disease treatment Is appealing because It Is much less Invasive that transplantation and open-heart surgery. In order to determine which combination transcription factors are able to create normal cell fates from the damaged cardiac tissue, induced plenteous stem cells are an intricate part of the drug screening technique often used. The drugs capable of inducing plenipotentiary and repairing the damaged tissue have the potential to treat cardiovascular disease n human patients. Alternative options for repairing damaged tissue include transplantation of new organs from donors. Cardiovascular diseases continue to account for the leading cause of death in American. Due to the high frequency of deaths caused by heart malfunctions in society, researchers are constantly trying to discover new ways for treatment and prevention. Despite the alternative methods used to treat cardiovascular diseases, the use of Induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine Is overall beneficial to the field of cardiovascular medicine cause It Is a less Invasive option that can effectively restore wounded cardiac tissue by replacing cardiologists and reducing occurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2011). Cardiovascular repair than other options, such as transplanting an entire heart. Before regenerative medicine had the clinical potential it currently possesses, scientists first needed to have a comprehensive understanding of the heart and its development processes. Muscle tissue in the heart is referred to as cardiac muscle. One cell type that encompasses cardiac muscle is the cardiology. Each mature dull cardiology only contains a single, unique nucleus and expresses cardiac transcriptions factors, which allows for their calcium ion handling and contractile properties (Upon, 2011). Normally, these adult cardiologists cannot regenerate once damaged (Upon). This leads to the malfunction or loss of function within the heart, causing many of the heart conditions prevalent in society. Studies show that induced plenteous stem cells can differentiate into the three electroencephalographic phenotypes of cardiologists: nodal, trial, and ventricular (Upon, 2011). In a injunction human heart, nodal cardiologists are found at the bottom, trial cardiologists pump blood in, and ventricular cardiologists pump blood out to the lungs and the rest of the body. Each phenotype shows that suppositories can successfully increase the rate of contraction while ceremonially can decrease the rate of contraction (Upon). Ellen Peon’s review paper explains that the function of cardiologists in the heart is to perform the contraction for blood flow. More importantly, it explains that the presence of specific chemicals, suppositories and ceremonially, effects the speed of contraction. Peon’s findings about the specifics of heart contractions are extremely beneficial information in terms of regenerative medicine applied to cardiovascular diseases because a heart that is uncontrollably pumping too fast or too slow has the potential to be regulated simply by adding either suppositories or ceremonially concentrations to the environment. Both chemicals could be studied further to determine if a drug design involving the two is reasonable for treatment. Even though using induced plenteous stem cells to generate heart tissue is less invasive, there are drawbacks to be looked onto further by researchers. In the review paper, Upon notes that cardiology’s derived from induced plenteous cells are immature functionally and structurally. This is problematic because at immature stages, the electrical properties of the cardiologists are similar to that of those of heart failure. It was also observed the the derived cardiologists were about ten times smaller than the normal adult cardiologists. Most importantly, the safety and practical worth of the induced cardiology’s is unknown because there is not a lot of information about the amphibology of these cells. Downsides noted in Samurai’s paper include the large-scale preparation that goes into creating these induced cardiologists and the elimination of undifferentiated induced plenteous stem cells from generating the cardiology’s. With all that being said, there is promising potential for using regenerative medicine as a less invasive means to treat cardiovascular diseases. An alternate method used to bypass these downfalls is the cell-sheet technique. This technique involves harvesting a sheet of undamaged cells and transplanting them directly on top of the injured organ. The idea is that the undamaged cells will essentially promote recovery of the organ’s wounded cells. Kumara and others illustrate the efficacy of induced plenteous stem cell derived cardiology sheets. Improve cardiac function (Kumara, 2011). Chemic cardiopulmonary is when there is a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle tissue, causing measurable deterioration of it function. Sheets of cardiologists capable of restoring tissue after being deteriorated is a feasible option for treating chemic cardiopulmonary. However, this is still invasive for the patient and tissue is still be removed from one action and transplanted to another. Inducing regenerative cardiologists is still a much less invasive option to restore cardiac tissue. As previously mentioned, there is not a lot of regenerative potential for heart tissue once it has been wounded. One of the reasons for this is due to the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (Song 2012). A cardiac fibroblast is a particular heart cell type that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of connective tissues. Activation of these fibroblasts leads to cardiac fibrosis (Song, 2012), which is simply the formation of excess connective issue in the hearth. It is the fibrosis that interferes with regeneration of cardiac cells causing a number of problems like the loss of contractile function and the increased susceptibility to arrhythmias (Song, 2012). But because most of the cells of the heart are in fact cardiac fibroblasts, they are a potential regenerative medicinal source of cardiac function restoration. One major success of regenerative medicine as it relates to cardiovascular medicine is the repair of heart tissue by reprogramming non- mystery with cardiac transcription factors performed by Kuhn Song along with there researchers. Song’s paper shows that GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB are able to reprogram mouse cardiac fibroblasts into contracting cardiac-like mystery in vitro and in vivo. The discovery of these essential cardiac inducing factors can act as the platform for answering more fundamental research questions in the future. Data from Songs research illustrate that the expression of these four transcription factors enhances cardiac function while decreeing adverse ventricular remodeling following infarction. Findings from this study shows that the efficiency of reprogramming to induced cardiac-like mystery using GATE, Hand, MFC, and TPTB is comparable to the reprogramming of induced plenteous stem cells by the Yamaha factors (Song). The method of retrovirus transduction was used to incorporate the transcription factors into the genome of the non-moseyed in order to bring the cells back to a plenteous state. Although viral and retrovirus transduction is a convenient method to incorporate new DNA sequences, there are drawbacks that may be adversely effecting outcomes of the induced plenteous cells. There are a couple of key disadvantages using viruses and vectors to incorporate DNA into a host’s genome. One disadvantage is the genomic integration that occurs with retrovirus vectors. Genomic integration involves inserting DNA sequences directly into the host’s cells DNA. The problem is that vectors integrate near the starting point of transcription causing either enhance transcription more than normal or this can disrupt transcriptions. The results from both outcomes are altered expression due to the technique used rather than the genetic information present. The likelihood of residual transgender expression is another disadvantage to using vectors as a means of incorporating new DNA sequences. Residual transgender expression is when genetic material from one organism remains after it is transferred leading to the protein synthesis with the contents of the lingering DNA. Residual transgender expressions, research has been done to find alternative methods that are as practical in a clinical setting. A successful alternative to retrovirus transduction involves virus-free integration methods. In relation to cardiovascular medicinal applications, cardiologists have been successfully derived from virus- free induced plenteous cells. Shish Meta and others demonstrate that virus-free induced plenteous stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiologists with the characteristic cardiac-specific properties. The induced cardiologists showed think and thin filaments of muscle proteins, as expected to be seen normal adult cardiologists (Meta, 2011). Additionally, the induced cardiologists expressed calcium ion handling and ion channel proteins, which further confirms the heart tissue development. Overall, the virus-free methods are preferred over retrovirus vector methods in clinical settings because the outcomes have less harmful potential in vivo. Despite some of the critical downfalls discussed, it is clear that the use of induced plenteous stem cells for regenerative medicine is ultimately useful to the field of cardiovascular medicine because it is a less invasive option that effectively restores wounded cardiac tissue by inducing cardiologists and reducing occurrences of fibrosis (Upon, 2012). Peon’s paper shows that in the presence of suppositories and ceremonially, cardiologists contraction rates are affected. Drug designers working to create heart-regulatory drugs to control abnormalities in retreats now have more information to work with. Additionally, researchers are able to use this information as a platform for additional research to understand how to control irregularities in cardiology contractions. The use of regenerative medicine for cardiovascular disease treatments is an emerging technological strategy that holds great potential for the future of human health. How to cite Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Papers

Essay on Personal Reflection On Gratitude And Its Effects On Prosocial Behavior Essay Example For Students

Essay on Personal Reflection On Gratitude And Its Effects On Prosocial Behavior Essay Does personal reflection on gratitude lead to increased volunteerism? Our group has chosen to explore this question through an experiment in which participants will have feelings of gratitude induced within a laboratory setting and then will be asked to volunteer with an on-campus charity group.There has been a good deal of research conducted on gratitude and its effects on prosocial behavior. A 2006 article by Jo-Ann Tsang details an experiment in which researchers induced gratitude within the laboratory setting and measured subsequent prosocial behavior. The researchers randomly placed participants in either a favor condition, in which participants received words of kindness and extra resources from an unseen (and fictitious) partner during a resource distribution task, or in a chance condition in which they received extra resources by chance. This was done in order to isolate prosocial behavior to gratitude, rather than just positive emotion. Prosocial behavior was measured by participants’ choices of resource distribution during the task and response to a questionnaire on their motives behind their distribution decisions. The researchers found that participants in the favor condition gave significantly more to their partner and rated â€Å"to express appreciation† as a greater motivation for their choice than participants in the chance condition. The experimenters found support for the connection between gratitude and prosocial behavior. The laboratory induction of gratitude in this experiment provides a useful methodological basis for future research into gratitude because of its standardized form.A 2010 article by Grant and Gino examines potential psychological mechanisms behind the relationship between gratitude and prosocial . . further research can explore other communal factors related to gratitude and prosocial behavior, such as reciprocity norms. While past research has focused on the recipient of gratitude’s subsequent helping behavior, focusing on the giver of gratitude’s behavior may provide further insight into the social function of this act. Furthermore, exploring this aspect of gratitude has potential applied effects in exploring the relationship between personal gratitude reflection and social contribution. Previous research has also induced gratitude both in person, and in written form. A greater understanding of the effects of gratitude could be found in measuring the difference in prosocial behavior between participants thanked in person or thanked remotely. With further research, we can learn more about the function and prevalence of thanks within the greater social context.